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| Riga 1: |
Riga 1: |
| − | '''Sommario.'''Il presente paragrafo si riferisce alle prime due lezioni del corso di Fondamenti di Informatica e Laboratorio di Informatica. </span><span style='font-size: | + | '''La codifica binaria della informazione''''''''' Vitoantonio Bevilacqua bevilacqua@poliba.it''' ''''''Sommario.''' Il |
| − | 10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:93.6pt;margin-bottom:
| + | presente paragrafo si riferisce alle prime due lezioni del corso di Fondamenti |
| − | 35.9pt;margin-left:35.8pt;text-indent:-1.0pt;line-height:104%'>'''<span
| + | di Informatica e Laboratorio di Informatica. '''Parole |
| − | style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Parole
| + | chiave: '''Codifica Binaria, Memoria RAM, Complemento a 2, IEEE |
| − | chiave: </span>'''<span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family: | + | 754 a singola e doppia precisione. 1 Introduzione Il fine principale degli argomenti trattati |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'>Codifica Binaria, Memoria RAM, Complemento a 2, IEEE
| + | |
| − | 754 a singola e doppia precisione. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; | + | |
| − | line-height:104%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><h1>1 Introduzione </h1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:28.7pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:8.3pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Il fine principale degli argomenti trattati
| + | |
| | in queste iniziali lezioni consiste nell'illustrare in quale maniera | | in queste iniziali lezioni consiste nell'illustrare in quale maniera |
| | l'informazione, per adesso soltanto numerica, viene memorizzata nella memoria | | l'informazione, per adesso soltanto numerica, viene memorizzata nella memoria |
| Riga 19: |
Riga 13: |
| | reali in singola e doppia precisione secondo lo standard IEEE 754, gli effetti | | reali in singola e doppia precisione secondo lo standard IEEE 754, gli effetti |
| | sulla dichiarazione delle variabili signed e unsigned di tipo char ed int, e | | sulla dichiarazione delle variabili signed e unsigned di tipo char ed int, e |
| − | delle variabili float e double in linguaggio C. </span><h1>2 La memoria di lavoro </h1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt; | + | delle variabili float e double in linguaggio C. 2 La memoria di lavoro La memoria RAM (Random Access Memory) è la |
| − | margin-left:7.85pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>La memoria RAM (Random Access Memory) è la
| + | |
| | memoria di lavoro (elaborazione) di un sistema di calcolo; per semplicità essa | | memoria di lavoro (elaborazione) di un sistema di calcolo; per semplicità essa |
| | può essere rappresentata come una tabella organizzata in righe, ciascuna delle | | può essere rappresentata come una tabella organizzata in righe, ciascuna delle |
| | quali (per ora chiamata word) viene suddivisa in 4 colonne o blocchi, da ora in | | quali (per ora chiamata word) viene suddivisa in 4 colonne o blocchi, da ora in |
| | poi chiamati byte, costituiti da una sequenza di 8 bit (binary digit) ovvero 8 | | poi chiamati byte, costituiti da una sequenza di 8 bit (binary digit) ovvero 8 |
| − | cifre che possono assumere soltanto valori 0 o 1. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:1.8pt; | + | cifre che possono assumere soltanto valori 0 o 1. In generale, ogni programma di elaborazione |
| − | margin-left:7.85pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In generale, ogni programma di elaborazione
| + | |
| | si occupa della gestione delle informazioni per unità elementari corrispondenti | | si occupa della gestione delle informazioni per unità elementari corrispondenti |
| | alla dimensione dei byte, senza necessariamente scendere al livello di dettaglio | | alla dimensione dei byte, senza necessariamente scendere al livello di dettaglio |
| Riga 38: |
Riga 26: |
| | iniziando sempre dal numero progressi 0, è da destra verso a sinistra (“little | | iniziando sempre dal numero progressi 0, è da destra verso a sinistra (“little |
| | Endian”), laddove il verso dall’alto verso il basso è ovviamente relativo a | | Endian”), laddove il verso dall’alto verso il basso è ovviamente relativo a |
| − | come più avanti si dirà essere partizionata la intera memoria RAM. </span><h1 style='margin-left:.45pt'>3 Le regole per le trasformazioni di base </h1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt; | + | come più avanti si dirà essere partizionata la intera memoria RAM. 3 Le regole per le trasformazioni di base Dato un numero, le basi del sistema di |
| − | margin-left:7.85pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Dato un numero, le basi del sistema di
| + | |
| | numerazione che si usano per leggere tale numero sono la base 2 (binaria), 8 | | numerazione che si usano per leggere tale numero sono la base 2 (binaria), 8 |
| | (ottale), 16 (esadecimale); assegnata una base del sistema di numerazione, le | | (ottale), 16 (esadecimale); assegnata una base del sistema di numerazione, le |
| | cifre sono date da 0 fino a numero base – 1. Dopo la cifra 9, si aggiungono A, | | cifre sono date da 0 fino a numero base – 1. Dopo la cifra 9, si aggiungono A, |
| − | B, C, D, E, F per formare la base di un sistema esadecimale. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.1pt; | + | B, C, D, E, F per formare la base di un sistema esadecimale. Assegnato un numero codificato in base 2, si |
| − | margin-left:7.8pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:1.4pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:8.3pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Assegnato un numero codificato in base 2, si
| + | |
| | decodifica facilmente in base 10; esempio della codifica chiamata “in binario | | decodifica facilmente in base 10; esempio della codifica chiamata “in binario |
| − | puro”: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; | + | puro”: (1010.101)2 = (1 x 23+ |
| − | margin-left:7.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | 0 x 22+1 x 21+ 0 x 20 + 1 x·2-1+ |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:5.7pt;
| + | 0 x 2-2 + 1 x·2-3)10=(10.625)10 Codifica binaria di un numero: |
| − | margin-left:7.85pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>(1010.101)<sub>2 </sub>= (1 x 2<sup>3</sup>+
| + | |
| − | 0 x 2<sup>2</sup>+1 x 2<sup>1</sup>+ 0 x 2<sup>0 </sup>+ 1 x·2<sup>-1</sup>+ | + | |
| − | 0 x 2<sup>-2 </sup>+ 1 x·2<sup>-3</sup>)<sub>10</sub>=(10.625)<sub>10</sub></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.95pt; | + | |
| − | margin-left:7.8pt'><span style='font-size:6.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:8.3pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><u><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Codifica binaria di un numero</span></u><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>:
| + | |
| | per l’operazione inversa, si utilizzano due algoritmi rispettivamente per la | | per l’operazione inversa, si utilizzano due algoritmi rispettivamente per la |
| − | parte intera e decimale del numero: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; | + | parte intera e decimale del numero: 3.1 Algoritmo di Horner - divisioni successive Si prende il numero intero, si mette in |
| − | margin-left:1.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><h2 style='margin-left:.45pt'>3.1 Algoritmo di Horner - divisioni successive <span
| + | |
| − | style='font-weight:normal'> </span></h2><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Si prende il numero intero, si mette in
| + | |
| | colonna a sinistra, lo si divide per 2, riportando quoziente sotto il dividendo | | colonna a sinistra, lo si divide per 2, riportando quoziente sotto il dividendo |
| | mentre il resto accanto al dividendo, e così via fino a raggiungere il | | mentre il resto accanto al dividendo, e così via fino a raggiungere il |
| | quoziente 0. La parte intera del numero in binario è la sequenza dei resti, | | quoziente 0. La parte intera del numero in binario è la sequenza dei resti, |
| − | presa dal basso verso l’alto. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; | + | presa dal basso verso l’alto. 3.2 Algoritmo di Horner - moltiplicazioni |
| − | margin-left:18.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | successive Si prende il numero decimale, si mette in |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><h2 style='margin-left:.45pt'>3.2 Algoritmo di Horner - moltiplicazioni
| + | colonna a sinistra, lo si moltiplica per 2, riportando: 1. |
| − | successive <span style='font-weight:normal'> </span></h2><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt; | + | Se |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Si prende il numero decimale, si mette in
| + | |
| − | colonna a sinistra, lo si moltiplica per 2, riportando: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt; | + | |
| − | margin-left:58.1pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Se
| + | |
| | il prodotto è ≥1, accanto al primo fattore 1 e sotto il complemento del | | il prodotto è ≥1, accanto al primo fattore 1 e sotto il complemento del |
| − | prodotto </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt; | + | prodotto 2. |
| − | margin-left:58.1pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | Se |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | il prodotto è |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Se
| + | |
| − | il prodotto è <1, accanto al primo fattore lo 0 e sotto il prodotto </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt; | + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Cosi via, fino a raggiungere il prodotto 0.
| + | |
| − | La sequenza da prendere come parte decimale del numero in binario è la sequenza
| + | |
| − | di destra presa dall’alto verso il basso. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:74.95pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .25pt;margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:107%'><img width=104 height=394
| + | |
| − | src="1%20Prima%20Dispensa%20-La%20codifica%20binaria%20dell%20informazione_revisione2015_file/image001.gif"
| + | |
| − | align=left hspace=12><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'>Mentre nell’algoritmo delle divisioni lo 0 si raggiunge
| + | |
| − | sempre, nell’algoritmo delle moltiplicazioni non è sempre possibile
| + | |
| − | raggiungerlo e ciò dipende dal concetto di periodo della base; il periodo si
| + | |
| − | ripete dal momento in cui si trova un numero già trovato in precedenza. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Esempio: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Codifica in binario e ricodifica in decimale
| + | |
| − | del numero 127.4 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:1.85pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:99.3pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>(127.4)<sub>10 </sub>= (1111111.0110)<sub>2 </sub>=
| + | |
| − | (127.375)<sub>10 </sub> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:124.9pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .25pt;margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Nel momento in cui si accetta un
| + | |
| − | periodo, si commette un “errore di codifica”. Si definisce: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:37.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:112%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 112%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Errore
| + | |
| − | assoluto </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Cambria Math","serif"'>𝑒<sub>𝑎</sub></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>lo
| + | |
| − | scarto tra il numero iniziale da codificare e il numero ottenuto dopo la
| + | |
| − | ricodifica nella stessa base di partenza. Esempio: </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>𝑒<sub>𝑎</sub></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:112%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>=
| + | |
| − | 127.4 – 127.375 = 0.025 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:37.45pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Errore
| + | |
| − | relativo</span><img width=50 height=20 id="Picture 10409"
| + | |
| − | src="1%20Prima%20Dispensa%20-La%20codifica%20binaria%20dell%20informazione_revisione2015_file/image002.gif"><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>dove
| + | |
| − | ''num ''è il numero iniziale rispetto al quale si è commesso l’errore di
| + | |
| − | codifica </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:37.95pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Esempio: </span><img width=53 height=21
| + | |
| − | id="Picture 10410"
| + | |
| − | src="1%20Prima%20Dispensa%20-La%20codifica%20binaria%20dell%20informazione_revisione2015_file/image003.gif"><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:37.45pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Errore
| + | |
| − | relativo percentuale </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>𝑒<sub>𝑟% </sub>= 𝑒<sub>𝑟
| + | |
| − | </sub>∗ 100</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Concetto di ''range ''(intervallo di
| + | |
| − | rappresentazione di un numero): preso un byte, supponendo che, avendo a
| + | |
| − | disposizione ''n ''bit, tutti gli ''n ''codificano numeri interi in base
| + | |
| − | binaria, il ''range ''di rappresentazione varia tra </span><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:1.15pt;margin-left:2.55pt;text-align:center'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>[0,
| + | |
| − | 2<sup>𝑛 </sup>− 1]</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>La formula deriva dal numero di combinazioni
| + | |
| − | diverse che si possono ottenere </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:176.75pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | 1.9pt;margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:221.1pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>2<sup>𝑛 </sup>= 256</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>
| + | |
| − | Tenendo conto che si inizia la numerazione da 0. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Essendo 8 i bit: [0, 255] </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:18.5pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .25pt;margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:107%'><u><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Codifica esadecimale di un
| + | |
| − | numero</span></u><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'>: è necessaria per minimizzare il codice; per eseguirla
| + | |
| − | si possono utilizzare due metodi: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:58.85pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .25pt;margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Gli
| + | |
| − | algoritmi da usare sono sempre gli algoritmi di Horner, con le opportune
| + | |
| − | modifiche (in colonna si moltiplica e divide per 16). Infatti i due algoritmi
| + | |
| − | sono generici, nel senso che, non dipendono dalla base in cui è rappresentato
| + | |
| − | un numero. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:58.85pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .25pt;margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Si
| + | |
| − | codifica in binario il numero, quindi, essendo </span><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>2<sup>4 </sup>= 16 </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>si
| + | |
| − | raccolgono le cifre a 4 a 4, a partire dalla virgola e si decodifica da base
| + | |
| − | binaria a base decimale ciascuno dei blocchi Esempio: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Codifica in esadecimale di 65.25: (65.25)<sub>10
| + | |
| − | </sub>= (1000001.01)<sub>2</sub>; </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:.25pt;line-height:107%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>0100
| + | |
| − | 0001 .0100 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:.25pt;line-height:107%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>4 1
| + | |
| − | .4 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Dunque (65.25)<sub>10 </sub>= (41.4)<sub>16 </sub></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.1pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><h2 style='margin-left:.45pt'>3.3 Rappresentazione con modulo e segno (“signed
| + | |
| − | magnitude” o M&S) </h2><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:3.55pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Per rappresentare un numero con segno, si
| + | |
| − | usa, per convenzione: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Un
| + | |
| − | bit per il segno: 0 per + (più), 1 per – (meno) </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:.25pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>N-1
| + | |
| − | bit per il modulo </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:2.75pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Il bit che codifica il segno è definito MSB
| + | |
| − | (Most Significant Bit, il primo bit, il più significativo). </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:5.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Esempio: n = 8, range [-127,+127] </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.95pt;text-indent:-.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>(−11)<sub>10 </sub>= (0011011)<sub>2</sub></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:3.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center'><img
| + | |
| − | width=189 height=35 id="Picture 721"
| + | |
| − | src="1%20Prima%20Dispensa%20-La%20codifica%20binaria%20dell%20informazione_revisione2015_file/image004.jpg"><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:77.0pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .25pt;margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In questo caso le combinazioni si
| + | |
| − | riducono a 255 causa la doppia rappresentazione dello 0: 10000000 = 00000000 =
| + | |
| − | 0 e il range è: [-(2<sup>n-1</sup>-1),2<sup>n-1</sup>-1] = [-127,127]. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.7pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:78.65pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .25pt;margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:142%'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:142%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>3.4 L’operazione di
| + | |
| − | complemento a uno. (CA1) </span>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 142%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>E’ un’operazione molto semplice per un
| + | |
| − | sistema di calcolo ed è alla base dell’operazione di complemento a due grazie
| + | |
| − | alla quale è possibile rappresentare numeri interi negativi e positivi. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:78.85pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .1pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:101%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:101%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#252525'>Per trovare la
| + | |
| − | rappresentazione in complemento a uno si invertono semplicemente tutti i bit
| + | |
| − | della parola. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>
| + | |
| − | </span><h2 style='margin-left:.45pt'>3.5 La codifica in complemento a due per i numeri
| + | |
| − | con segno (CA2) </h2><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:78.5pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .5pt;margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 104%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Il complemento a due è il metodo più
| + | |
| − | diffuso per la rappresentazione dei numeri con segno. </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Il
| + | |
| − | valore da utilizzare relativamente al MSB risulta essere il suo opposto (questo
| + | |
| − | implica che se vale 0 porta a una decodifica di valore uguale alla
| + | |
| − | rappresentazione in binario puro): </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>00000000=0 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.95pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>00000001=1 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>… </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.1pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>01111111=+127 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>10000000=-1</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Segoe UI Symbol","sans-serif"'>⋅</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>2<sup>7</sup>=-128
| + | |
| − | </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.9pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>10000001=-128+1=-127 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>… </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>11111111=-1 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Le combinazioni sono 256 per la
| + | |
| − | rappresentazione univoca dello 0: ovvero soltanto 00000000 = 0; in questo caso
| + | |
| − | il range varia tra [-(2<sup>n-1</sup>),2<sup>n-1</sup>-1] = [-128,127]. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:12.15pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.55pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Per codificare un numero in complemento
| + | |
| − | a due: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:18.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | 18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Si
| + | |
| − | sceglie il range per il quale è possibile codificare il numero e di conseguenza
| + | |
| − | i bit necessari </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:18.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | 18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Si
| + | |
| − | rappresenta il valore assoluto del numero in binario </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:18.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | 18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Si
| + | |
| − | applica l’operazione di complemento a 1 e si somma 1 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:18.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | 18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>La
| + | |
| − | sequenza ottenuta è la codifica del numero iniziale in complemento a due
| + | |
| − | Esempio: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.3pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Si vuole codifica in complemento a 2 il
| + | |
| − | numero -65 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.65pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Il range varia tra [-128,127] </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.35pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.95pt;text-indent:-.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>2<sup>8</sup> 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.05pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>8 bit necessari </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:270.0pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .5pt;margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:133%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 133%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Il valore assoluto è: </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:133%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>(65)<sub>10
| + | |
| − | </sub>= (01000001)<sub>2</sub></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 133%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> Faccio il complemento a 1:
| + | |
| − | 10111110 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.3pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Il complemento a 2 è: 10111110 + 1 =
| + | |
| − | 10111111 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><h1 style='margin-left:.45pt'>4 Lo standard IEEE 754 </h1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><u><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Standard IEEE 754
| + | |
| − | single precision</span></u><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Rappresentazione di un numero reale in
| + | |
| − | 32 bit. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>I 32 bit vengono suddivisi in 3 gruppi: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:.5pt;line-height:104%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>±
| + | |
| − | esponente mantissa </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:.5pt;line-height:104%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>1
| + | |
| − | 8 23 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Il modulo del numero viene codificato in
| + | |
| − | base binaria usando gli algoritmi di divisione e moltiplicazione successive
| + | |
| − | evidenziando, nella parte decimale, un periodo ove ci fosse. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>La rappresentazione binaria risultante è
| + | |
| − | detta “fixed point” (a virgola fissa). </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Si passa alla rappresentazione “floating
| + | |
| − | point” (a virgola mobile) per determinare mantissa ed esponente. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Si sposta la virgola fino alla sinistra
| + | |
| − | dell’ultima cifra diversa da zero, cambiando anche l’esponente per
| + | |
| − | riequilibrare l’ordine di grandezza. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>La parte dopo la virgola indica la
| + | |
| − | mantissa matematica. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Se si sposta la virgola alla destra
| + | |
| − | dell’ultima cifra diversa da zero, cambiando anche l’esponente: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>La
| + | |
| − | parte del numero dopo la virgola indica la mantissa normalizzata che, se
| + | |
| − | composta da un numero di cifre < 23, ai restanti bit si assegna valore 0 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Per
| + | |
| − | codificare l’esponente, si usa la rappresentazione per eccesso: si somma
| + | |
| − | l’esponente al ''bias ''(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 104%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>2<sup>𝑛−1 </sup>−</span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:37.25pt;text-indent:-.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>1, 𝑑𝑜𝑣𝑒
| + | |
| − | 𝑛 è 𝑖𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜
| + | |
| − | 𝑑𝑖 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖
| + | |
| − | 𝑎𝑙𝑙′𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>)
| + | |
| − | e quindi si codifica il numero </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Esempio: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.3pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Si vuole codificare secondo lo standard
| + | |
| − | IEEE754 a single precision, il numero -118.625 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Codifico
| + | |
| − | la parte intera: </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>(118)<sub>10 </sub>= (1110110)<sub>2</sub></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Segoe UI Symbol","sans-serif"'></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Codifico
| + | |
| − | la parte decimale: </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>(0.625)<sub>10 </sub>= (.101)<sub>2</sub></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>La
| + | |
| − | rappresentazione in fixed point è: 1110110.101 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Sposto
| + | |
| − | la virgola fino alla sinistra dell’ultima cifra diversa da 0 e riequilibrio l’ordine
| + | |
| − | di grandezza: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.8pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:37.25pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>0.1110110101*</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>2<sup>7</sup></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>La
| + | |
| − | mantissa matematica è: 1110110101 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Sposto
| + | |
| − | la virgola fino alla destra dell’ultima cifra diversa da zero e riequilibrio
| + | |
| − | l’ordine di grandezza: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.95pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:37.25pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>1.110110101*</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>2<sup>6</sup></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>La
| + | |
| − | mantissa normalizzata è: 110110101 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span
| + | |
| − | style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Codifico
| + | |
| − | l’esponente: </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Cambria Math","serif"'>6 + 2<sup>7 </sup>− 1 = 6 + 127 = 5 + 128 =
| + | |
| − | 10000101</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>La
| + | |
| − | rappresentazione secondo lo standard
| + | |
| − | IEEE754 a single precision è:
| + | |
| − | </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:.5pt;line-height:104%'> <span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>1
| + | |
| − | 1000101 11011010100000000000000 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:.5pt;line-height:104%'> <span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>±
| + | |
| − | esponente mantissa </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>L’ordine di precisione delo standard
| + | |
| − | IEEE754 è dato dal numero di cifre della mantissa. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Per ottenere una rappresentazione più
| + | |
| − | precisa si usa lo standard IEEE754 a double precision (64 bit) </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:.5pt;line-height:104%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>±
| + | |
| − | esponente mantissa </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:.5pt;line-height:104%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>1
| + | |
| − | 11 52 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Il metodo di rappresentazione è simile a
| + | |
| − | quello usato per lo standard a single precision, l’unica cosa che varia è il ''bias:
| + | |
| − | ''</span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:13.3pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.95pt;text-indent:-.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'>2<sup>11−1 </sup>− 1 =
| + | |
| − | 1023</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:14.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.65pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:147%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:147%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>I valori assunti dall'esponente e dalla</span><a
| + | |
| − | href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantissa"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:147%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;text-decoration:
| + | |
| − | none'></span></a><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantissa"><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:147%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
| + | |
| − | color:black;text-decoration:none'>mantissa</span></a><a
| + | |
| − | href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantissa"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:147%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;text-decoration:
| + | |
| − | none'></span></a><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:147%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'>determinano l'appartenenza del numero ad una di queste
| + | |
| − | categorie: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:4.2pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:19.15pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Zeri;
| + | |
| − | </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:4.2pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:19.15pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Numeri
| + | |
| − | in forma normale; </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:4.35pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:19.15pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Numeri
| + | |
| − | in forma</span><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeri_denormalizzati"><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
| + | |
| − | color:black;text-decoration:none'></span></a><a
| + | |
| − | href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeri_denormalizzati"><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
| + | |
| − | color:black;text-decoration:none'>denormalizzata</span></a><a
| + | |
| − | href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeri_denormalizzati"><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
| + | |
| − | color:black;text-decoration:none'>;</span></a><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:4.1pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:19.15pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:107%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Infiniti;
| + | |
| − | </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.8pt;margin-bottom:16.85pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:19.15pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span
| + | |
| − | style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>NaN
| + | |
| − | (''not a number''). </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:10.45pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span>
| + | |
| − | {| class=TableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=428 style='width:321.1pt;margin-left:81.25pt;border-collapse:collapse'
| + | |
| − | |- style='height:45.45pt'<td width=240 style='width:179.7pt;border:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;background:
| + | |
| − | #F2F2F2;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:45.45pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
| + | |
| − | line-height:normal'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Categoria
| + | |
| − | </span>'''<td width=73 style='width:54.4pt;border:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-left:none;
| + | |
| − | background:#F2F2F2;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:45.45pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
| + | |
| − | line-height:normal'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Esp.
| + | |
| − | </span>'''<td width=116 style='width:87.05pt;border:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;background:#F2F2F2;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:45.45pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
| + | |
| − | line-height:normal'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Mantissa
| + | |
| − | </span>'''
| + | |
| − | |- style='height:46.3pt'<td width=240 valign=bottom style='width:179.7pt;border:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | border-top:none;background:#F2F2F2;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;
| + | |
| − | height:46.3pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
| + | |
| − | line-height:normal'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Zeri
| + | |
| − | </span>'''<td width=73 valign=bottom style='width:54.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:46.3pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>0 </span><td width=116 valign=bottom style='width:87.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:46.3pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>0 </span>
| + | |
| − | |- style='height:46.3pt'<td width=240 valign=bottom style='width:179.7pt;border:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | border-top:none;background:#F2F2F2;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;
| + | |
| − | height:46.3pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
| + | |
| − | line-height:normal'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Numeri
| + | |
| − | denormalizzati </span>'''<td width=73 valign=bottom style='width:54.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:46.3pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>0 </span><td width=116 valign=bottom style='width:87.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:46.3pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>non
| + | |
| − | zero </span>
| + | |
| − | |- style='height:46.35pt'<td width=240 valign=bottom style='width:179.7pt;border:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | border-top:none;background:#F2F2F2;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;
| + | |
| − | height:46.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
| + | |
| − | line-height:normal'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Numeri
| + | |
| − | normalizzati </span>'''<td width=73 valign=bottom style='width:54.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:double #F9F9F9 6.75pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:46.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>1-254
| + | |
| − | </span><td width=116 valign=bottom style='width:87.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:double #F9F9F9 6.75pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:46.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>qualunque
| + | |
| − | </span>
| + | |
| − | |- style='height:46.45pt'<td width=240 valign=bottom style='width:179.7pt;border:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | border-top:none;background:#F2F2F2;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;
| + | |
| − | height:46.45pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
| + | |
| − | line-height:normal'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Infiniti
| + | |
| − | </span>'''<td width=73 valign=bottom style='width:54.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:46.45pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>255 </span><td width=116 valign=bottom style='width:87.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:46.45pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>0 </span>
| + | |
| − | |- style='height:45.35pt'<td width=240 valign=bottom style='width:179.7pt;border:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | border-top:none;background:#F2F2F2;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;
| + | |
| − | height:45.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
| + | |
| − | line-height:normal'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Nan
| + | |
| − | (not a number) </span>'''<td width=73 valign=bottom style='width:54.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:45.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>255 </span><td width=116 valign=bottom style='width:87.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:
| + | |
| − | none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;border-right:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
| + | |
| − | background:#F9F9F9;padding:0cm 5.75pt 13.85pt 4.8pt;height:45.35pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>non
| + | |
| − | zero </span>
| + | |
| − | |}<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.8pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><h1 style='margin-left:.45pt'>5 Verso il linguaggio C </h1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.85pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Per specificare il tipo di variabile
| + | |
| − | (tipo di rappresentazione usata per la codifica della variabile) esistono
| + | |
| − | istruzioni dette </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>“specificatori di tipo”: </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>“char
| + | |
| − | a”: carattere = variabile a memorizzata in 1 byte, codificata secondo C.A.2 </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>“int
| + | |
| − | b”: intero = variabile b memorizzata in 2 o 4 byte (4 in VisualC++ 6.0),
| + | |
| − | codificata secondo C.A.2 </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 104%;font-family:"Segoe UI Symbol","sans-serif"'></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>“float
| + | |
| − | c”: single = variabile c memorizzata in 4 byte, codificata secondo IEEE754
| + | |
| − | single p. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.75pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -18.0pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>•<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
| + | |
| − | </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>“double
| + | |
| − | d”: double = variabile d memorizzata in 8 byte, codificata secondo IEEE754
| + | |
| − | double p. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:2.0pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Non indicando niente davanti agli
| + | |
| − | specificatori di tipo, si sottintende “signed”. Per specificare che la
| + | |
| − | variabile è senza segno, si scrive “unsigned” davanti agli specificatori di
| + | |
| − | tipo e la codifica avverrà senza segno. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Per dimensionare una variabile, esistono
| + | |
| − | gli specificatori “short” e “long” da scrivere davanti agli specificatori di
| + | |
| − | tipo per, rispettivamente, dimezzare o raddoppiare il numero di byte necessari
| + | |
| − | alla rappresentazione. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:10.2pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | 2.25pt;margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Per assegnare ad una variabile a il
| + | |
| − | valore n si utilizza l’assegnazione “ a = n ; ” e, a seconda del tipo
| + | |
| − | specificato di variabile, il calcolatore memorizzerà il valore n nel primo
| + | |
| − | pacchetto libero di byte in modo che il primo byte sia multiplo di 4. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:144.8pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .5pt;margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
| + | |
| − | text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>L’indirizzo di una variabile “a” è
| + | |
| − | indicato con “&a” ed è quindi multiplo di 4. N.B. la riga di codice a=a+1;
| + | |
| − | non è un’uguaglianza, ma un’assegnazione! </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.5pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Il calcolatore all’indirizzo &a
| + | |
| − | sovrascriverà al valore della variabile a, che quindi sarà perso, il valore
| + | |
| − | incrementato di 1. </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:29.35pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
| + | |
| − | -.5pt;line-height:104%'>'''<span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Ringraziamenti.</span>'''<span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:104%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>
| + | |
| − | Il presente capitolo è stato scritto anche grazie al prezioso contributo dello
| + | |
| − | studente Donato Mancuso con la successiva revisione del suo collega Pasquale
| + | |
| − | Bonasia. </span><h1 style='margin-left:.45pt'>Riferimenti </h1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.55pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>1.<span
| + | |
| − | style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Bevilacqua,
| + | |
| − | V.: Dispense Teoria 1 e IEEE 754 In: http://www.vitoantoniobevilacqua.it </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.9pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>2.<span
| + | |
| − | style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><u><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754</span></u><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.9pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>3.<span
| + | |
| − | style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span><u><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_dei_byte</span></u><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.05pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt'>'''<span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Times New Roman","serif"'>Appendice: Codice in linguaggio C (per ora solo di
| + | |
| − | test) </span>'''<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:76.9pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .15pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>#include</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'><stdio.h></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:76.9pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .15pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>#include</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'><conio.h></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>/*</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>non</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>ANSI</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>C</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>*/</span><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:249.75pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .15pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>/*#include</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:green'><math.h></span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:green'>per</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>usare</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>la</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>funzione</span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:green'>pow*/</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'></span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>int</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>main() { </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>unsigned</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>char</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>byte[</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>4</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>];
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>unsigned</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>char</span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New"'>*c; </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>char</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>bit[</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>9</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>];
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>int</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>i,j; </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>float</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>a; </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>float</span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New"'>*p=NULL; </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:441.75pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'> </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>a=</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>0</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>; </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:163.35pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .15pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>printf(</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>"Le</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>dimensioni</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>in</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>byte</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>di</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>variabili</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>\n"</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>); </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>printf(</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>"char,</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>int,</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>double</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>e</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>float</span><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>valgono</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>\n"</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>); </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>printf(</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>"%d</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>%d</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>%d</span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:green'>%d\n"</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>,</span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>sizeof</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>(</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>char</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>),</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>sizeof</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>(</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>int</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>),</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>sizeof</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>(</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>float</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>),</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>sizeof</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>(</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>double</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>)); </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:451.35pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .15pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'> </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>do</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'></span><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>{ </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:264.1pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>printf(</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>"inserisci</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>a</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>=</span><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>"</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>); </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>scanf(</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>"%f"</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>,&a); </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:76.9pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .15pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>/*a=(float)pow(2,</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>-2);utile</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>per</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>trovare</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>il</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>range</span><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>di</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>rappresentazione*/</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New"'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>p=&a; </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>c=(</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>unsigned</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>char</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>*)p; </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:211.35pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New"'>printf(</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>"%d</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>%d</span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:green'>%d</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>%d\n"</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>,*(c+</span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>3</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>),*(c+</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:navy'>2</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>),*(c+</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>1</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>),*c);
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>printf(</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>"\n"</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>); </span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>for</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>(i=</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>0</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>;i<</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:navy'>4</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>;i++) </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:264.1pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New"'>{ </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:316.9pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New"'>byte[i]=*(c+</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>3</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>-i);
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>j=</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:navy'>0</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>; </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:264.1pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:olive'>while</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>(byte[i]></span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:navy'>0</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>) </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:264.1pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New"'>{ </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:312.15pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New"'>bit[j]=byte[i]%</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>2</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>;
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>byte[i]=</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>byte[i]/</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>2</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>;
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>j=j+</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:navy'>1</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>; </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>}
| + | |
| − | </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:264.1pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New";color:olive'>for</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>(;j<</span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>8</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>;bit[j++]=</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:navy'>0</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>); </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>for</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>(j=</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:navy'>7</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>;j>=</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:navy'>0</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>;j--) </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>printf(</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>"%d"</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>,bit[j]); </span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>printf(</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>"</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>"</span><span
| + | |
| − | lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>);
| + | |
| − | </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:316.95pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .15pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span lang=EN-US
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>}
| + | |
| − | </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:silver'> </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>printf(</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>"\n</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>\n"</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>); </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>printf(</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>"altro</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:green'>numero?\n"</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:
| + | |
| − | 103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>); </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:456.15pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>}
| + | |
| − | </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:264.1pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'>
| + | |
| − | </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:olive'>while</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;
| + | |
| − | font-family:"Courier New"'>(getch()!=</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:green'>'n'</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>); </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| + | |
| − | line-height:107%;font-family:"Courier New"'> </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:.15pt;
| + | |
| − | margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span style='font-size:
| + | |
| − | 8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'> </span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:olive'>return</span><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";color:silver'></span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New";
| + | |
| − | color:navy'>0</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:
| + | |
| − | "Courier New"'>; </span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:264.1pt;margin-bottom:
| + | |
| − | .2pt;margin-left:.45pt;text-indent:-.5pt;line-height:103%'><span
| + | |
| − | style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:103%;font-family:"Courier New"'>} </span></div></body></html>
| + | |
